Haploid inducers

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the provision of technical means such as nucleic acids which, after transcription or after expression in a plant, are suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor, as well as methods and uses for the production and identification of non-transgenic and transgenic plant haploid inductors, as well as the improvement of existing plant haploid inductors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 15/526,552, filed on May 12, 2017, which is a U.S. National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2015/076469, filed Nov. 12, 2015, which published as International Application No. WO 2016/075255 A1, on May 19, 2016 and claims priority to German Patent Application No. 102014016667.8, filed Nov. 12, 2014, all of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 11, 2017, is named KWS0220PCT_ST25 en.txt, and is 307,875 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of the modification of plants by means of molecular biology methods and marker technology and genetic engineering. It relates to the provision of technical means such as nucleic acids and vectors, as well as methods and uses for the production and identification of non-transgenic and transgenic plant haploid inductors, and the improvement of existing plant haploid inductors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Typically, in the production of hybrid plants, two breeding lines as parents are crossed with one another, the descendants of which generate, in part, a strongly increased yield relative to the parent lines, due to the known heterosis effect. The breeding lines may be obtained via multiple selfing steps, which, however, takes multiple generations and therefore is connected with an enormous time cost. Modern plant breeding already increasingly transitioned many years ago to generating the breeding lines via haploid induction and the subsequent chromosome duplication in a much shorter amount of time. A technical requirement for this is a functioning haploid induction system, which also simultaneously promises a sufficient efficiency, in order to be economically usable.

For example, for maize (Zea mays), a maternal in vivo induction system is known in which the plants to be induced are pollinated with pollen of the inductor. Up to 10% of the descendants that are thereby generated then contain only the simple (haploid) chromosome set of the seed parent. A few such inductors are presently available for maize hybrid breeding. However, these are all to be ascribed to the single line “Stock 6,” described by Coe, 1959. One example of such a known inductor is the RWS (Rober et al., 2005) line. In the past, multiple QTL studies for the identification of the inductor-relevant loci were conducted on these lines. A main-QTL at chromosome 1 (bin 1.04) in maize was already identified in 1997 by Deimling et al. More precise mapping was performed by Barret et al. 2008 in the range between 66.96 MB and 68.11 MB on chromosome 1, by Prigge et al. 2012 in the range between 62.9 MB and 70.8 MB, and following this by Dong et al. 2013 in the range between 68.18 MB and 68.43 MB which, according to public annotation, contains three genes. All position information refers to the reference genome of B73, Version AGPv02. The functionality of the locus appears to have already been demonstrated on its own by Dong et al. 2014 by achieving an induction rate of 5%. However, an incorrect fine mapping cannot be excluded, since no unambiguous delimitation of the QTL is possible due to the lack of information of flanking markers in the recurrent parent.

Furthermore, WO 2012/030893 discloses an inductor-relevant locus on chromosome 1 in maize that, however, differs markedly from the preceding locus and is localized in more detail at the telomere. There is no overlap in the genome regions considered.

Overall, the molecular and development-specific mechanisms, which the in vivo haploid induction in maize lines which resulted from “Stock 6,” are largely unknown today. For example, it is conceivable that a fertilization occurs, but it subsequently leads to a chromosome elimination which then allows haploid descendants to emerge. For example, such a mechanism has been described by Ravi & Chan (2010) in a system with the histone protein CenH3. On the other hand, however, the fertilization may also fail, and the development of the haploid egg cells occurs in the triploid endosperm. Without the understanding of the underlying maternal in vivo haploid induction suitability of an inductor genotype derived from “Stock 6” and the knowledge about the responsible genes, a targeted improvement of this maize inductor genotype or the transfer of the induction suitability to non-inductor genotypes, or the targeted mediation of the in vivo haploid induction capability in maize non-inductors, is practically impossible.

Furthermore, for some cultivated plants, no efficiently (and, therefore, economically) applicable system for the production of haploid and double-haploid plants is known at all—for example, for sorghum, rye, or sunflower.

There is also a need for the provision of genetic elements such as genes or regulatory elements that are usable in transgenic and/or non-transgenic approaches, in order to enable haploid development, or an improved efficiency in haploid development, via in vivo induction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention was produced before the background of the prior art described in the preceding, wherein it is an object of the present invention to provide means and methods which may be used to produce an in vivo haploid inductor and/or to produce a haploid plant.

According to the invention, the achievement of the posed object takes place by means of a nucleic acid which, after transcription or expression in a plant, is suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor. The nucleic acid according to the invention may be used as a trans-gene. On the other hand, an endogenous DNA sequence in the genome of a plant, or in the genome of a plant haploid inductor, which is identical to one of the nucleic acids according to the invention, may also be modified such that the property of a haploid inductor is mediated, or the induction capability of the haploid inductor is increased, after transcription or expression of the endogenous DNA sequence. The nucleic acid of the present invention is preferably an isolated nucleic acid which is extracted from its natural or original environment (genetic context). A nucleic acid may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and linear or circular. It may thereby be genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, cDNA, or an RNA type (for example, lncRNA, siRNA, or miRNA), wherein the nucleobase uracil occurs in RNA instead of the nucleobase thymine.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid according to the invention, or an RNA encoded from the nucleic acid, or a protein or polypeptide encoded from the nucleic acid, has an influence on the pollen tube growth in a plant, on the energy metabolism of a pollen of a plant, and/or on the activity of the centromere—preferably, in a generative cell which develops into a pollen, for example.

The nucleic acid according to the invention may be characterized in that the nucleic acid, or an RNA encoded from the nucleic acid, or a protein or polypeptide encoded from the nucleic acid, is suitable or may be used for accelerating or promoting the pollen tube growth (for example, in a pollen of a plant), in comparison with a pollen of a wild-type plant in which the nucleic acid according to the invention, or an RNA encoded from the nucleic acid, or a protein or polypeptide encoded from the nucleic acid, is used as described in the following. For example, the nucleic acid according to the invention encodes for a protein which is involved in the transport of macromolecules, or affects this transport, in the pollen tube of a pollen of a plant. Belonging to these are, for example, SNAREv proteins which, for example, mediate the transport of pectins or phospholipids, e.g., at the tip of the pollen tube (Kato et al., 2010). Furthermore, enzymes of the phospholipase class—especially, phospholipase A2 or patatin phospholipase—are in the position to promote the growth of the pollen tube (Kim et al., 2011), whereas enzymes of the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase class, such as inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase, may inhibit the growth of the pollen tube (Wang et al., 2012). The nucleic acid according to the invention may be used as a transgene for the purpose of accelerated pollen tube growth, wherein it then—for example, by means of an over-expression approach—increases the expression rate of a pollen tube growth-promoting gene or the transcription rate of an RNA such as an lncRNA—which positively regulates (activates) a pollen tube growth-promoting gene or negatively regulates (inhibits) pollen tube growth-inhibiting genes—in a plant or a part thereof, in comparison to a wild-type plant or corresponding part thereof, and/or the expression rate of a pollen tube growth-inhibiting gene is reduced—by means of an RNAi approach or miRNA approach (Fire et al., 1998)—in a plant or a part thereof, in comparison to a wild-type plant or corresponding part thereof. On the other hand, an endogenous DNA sequence in the genome of a plant or in a genome of a plant haploid inductor which is identical to the nucleic acid according to the invention, or a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, may also be modified, e.g., via mutagenization or “genome editing.” This modification may increase or reduce the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence, or the activity or stability of the protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence, in a plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant. For example, the expression rate of an endogenous pollen tube growth-promoting gene, or the transcription rate of an endogenous RNA such as an lncRNA which positively regulates (activates) a pollen tube growth-promoting gene or negatively regulates (inhibits) a pollen tube growth-inhibiting gene, may thus be increased in a plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant or a wild-type plant modified via “genome editing,” or the expression rate of an endogenous pollen tube growth-inhibiting gene, or the transcription rate of an RNA such as an lncRNA which negatively regulates (inhibits) a pollen tube growth-promoting gene or positively regulates (activates) a pollen tube growth-inhibiting gene, may thus be reduced in a plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant or a wild-type plant modified via “genome editing.” Moreover, the activity or stability of a pollen tube growth-promoting protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence may be increased in a plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant or a wild-type plant modified via “genome editing,” or the activity or stability of a pollen tube growth-inhibiting protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence may be reduced in a plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant or a wild-type plant modified via “genome editing.”

In a further example, the nucleic acid according to the invention may be characterized in that, via the use of the nucleic acid, or of an RNA encoded by the nucleic acid, or of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid, the energy metabolism of a pollen in a plant may be negatively affected in comparison to a wild-type plant. For example, this may take place via a phosphoglycerate mutase, or a mitochondrial transporter or mitochondrial import receptor. For this purpose, the nucleic acid according to the invention may be used as a transgene in an over-expression approach, or in an RNAi approach, or in an miRNA approach (Fire et al., 1998). On the other hand, an endogenous DNA sequence in the genome of a plant or in a genome of a plant haploid inductor which is identical to the nucleic acid according to the invention, or a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, may also be modified, e.g., via mutagenization or “genome editing.” This modification may increase or reduce the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence, or the activity or stability of the protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence, in the plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant or wild-type plant modified via “genome editing.”

In another example, the nucleic acid according to the invention may also be characterized in that, via the use of the nucleic acid or of an RNA encoded by the nucleic acid or of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid, the activity of the centromere in a plant is modified—in particular, in the early embryogenesis, and preferably in a generative cell of the plant which develops into a pollen, for example—in comparison to a wild-type plant, which may lead to the elimination of the inductor genome, for example. The activity of the centromere may be modified via chromatin modification of DNA or at the histone level—moreover, also via transcription, RNA interactions, or RNA binding. A change in the activity of the centromere may take place via a methyl transferase such as an RNA methyl transferase, for example. For this purpose, the nucleic acid according to the invention is used as a transgene, wherein it then increases—by means of an overexpression approach—the expression rate of a chromatin-modifying gene or the transcription rate of an RNA (such as an lncRNA), which positively regulates (activates) a chromatin-modifying gene in a plant, in comparison to a wild-type plant. On the other hand, an endogenous DNA sequence in the genome of a plant or in a genome of a plant haploid inductor, which is identical to the nucleic acid according to the invention, or a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, may also be modified, e.g., via mutagenization or “genome editing.” This modification may increase or reduce the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence, or the activity or stability of the protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence, in a plant, in comparison to the non-mutagenized wild-type plant or wild-type plant modified via “genome editing.” The expression rate of an endogenous chromatin-modifying gene or the transcription rate of an endogenous RNA (such as an lncRNA), which positively regulates (activates) a chromatin-modifying gene, may thus also be increased in a plant, in comparison to the non-mutagenized wild-type plant or wild-type plant modified via “genome editing.” Moreover, the activity or stability of a chromatin-modified protein encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence may be increased in a plant, in comparison to the non-mutagenized wild-type plant or wild-type plant modified via “genome editing.”

Uses of the nucleic acid according to the invention, or of an RNA encoded by the nucleic acid, or of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid, that are stated in the preceding are not exclusive or limiting, but rather are to be understood only as examples. Numerous additional technical means and methods are known to a person skilled in the art from the prior art, with which he may effect the above-described changes in the expression or transcription rate according to the invention of the nucleic acid or of the identical endogenous DNA sequence, or the above-described changes in the stability and activity of the protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid according to the invention or the endogenous DNA sequence.

In an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid which, after transcription or expression in a plant, is suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor may be a nucleic acid that includes a nucleotide sequence which

(i) is a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, and/or 62, or has a functional fragment of these, or (ii) is complementary to a sequence from (i), or (iii) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (i), or (iv) encodes for a protein with the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, 45, 48, 51, 54, 63, 64, and/or 65, or a functional part of the protein, or (v) encodes for a homolog, analog, or ortholog of the protein according to (iv), or a functional part thereof, or (vi) hybridizes with a sequence from (ii) under stringent conditions.

This nucleic acid may encode for a protein or a functional portion thereof, wherein the protein or the functional portion thereof has the functionality of a SNARE protein—especially, of a SNAREv protein—of a phospholipase—especially, a phospholipase A2 or a patatin phospholipase—a methyl transferase—especially, an RNA methyl transferase or a mitochondrial import receptor (see Table 1). A use of the nucleic acid may take place as described above, i.e., in order to mediate the property of a haploid inductor or to increase the induction capability of a haploid inductor in a plant, is, for example, for transgenically or endogenously increasing the expression rate of the nucleic acid or the activity or stability of the encoded protein or of the encoded part of the protein. Since this nucleic acid, or an RNA encoded by the nucleic acid or a protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid, has a positive effect on the haploid induction capability of a plant, in the following, a nucleic acid which is defined here is designated as an induction-promoting nucleic acid. Additional methods and uses of the induction-promoting nucleic acid, as well as substances which comprise the induction-promoting nucleic acid, are disclosed further below.

In a further, especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid which is suitable—after transcription or after expression in a plant—for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor may be a nucleic acid that comprises a nucleotide sequence that

(i) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and/or 31, or a functional fragment thereof, or (ii) is complementary to a sequence from (i), or (iii) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (i). (iv) encodes for a protein with the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 32, 33, and/or 34, or a functional part of the protein, or (v) encodes for a homolog, analog, or ortholog of the protein according to (iv), or a functional part thereof, or (vi) hybridizes with a sequence from (ii) under stringent conditions.

Such a nucleic acid may encode for a protein or a functional portion thereof, wherein the protein or the functional portion thereof has the functionality of an inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase—especially, of an inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase—or of a phosphoglycerate mutase (see Table 1). A use of the nucleic acid may take place as described above, i.e., in order to mediate the property of a haploid inductor or to increase the induction capability of a haploid inductor in a plant, is, for example, for transgenically or endogenously reducing the expression rate of the nucleic acid or the activity or stability of the encoded protein or of the encoded part of the protein. Since this nucleic acid, or an RNA encoded by the nucleic acid or a protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid, has a negative effect on the haploid induction capability of a plant, in the following, a nucleic acid which is defined here is designated as an induction-inhibiting nucleic acid. Additional methods and uses of the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid, as well as substances which comprise the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid, are disclosed further below.

In another especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid which—after transcription or expression in a plant—is suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor may be a nucleic acid that encodes for an RNA that has a double-stranded portion, wherein at least one strand of the double-stranded portion has a nucleotide sequence which is homologous or identical to at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25—preferably, to at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 140, and, especially preferably, to at least 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000—successive nucleotides of a coding sequence of a nucleic acid that

(i) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and/or 31, or a fragment thereof in a sense or anti-sense orientation, or (ii) is complementary to a sequence from (i), or (iii) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (i), or (iv) encodes for a protein with the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 32, 33, and/or 34, or a part of the protein, or (v) encodes for a homolog, analog, or ortholog of the protein according to (iv), or a part thereof, or (vi) hybridizes with a sequence from (ii) under stringent conditions. In post-transcriptional gene silencing, as described in, for example, the RNAi approach or miRNA approach (Fire et al., 1998), such a nucleic acid may be used to suppress the expression of the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid described above. The dsRNA-encoding nucleic acid may also be a nucleic acid which encodes for a long, non-coding RNA (lncRNA). The lncRNA-encoding nucleic acid then preferably comprises a nucleotide sequence that (a) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 35, 36, 37, and/or 38, or a fragment thereof, or (b) is complementary to a sequence from (a), or (c) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (a), or (d) encodes for a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID Nos: 40 or 41, or a part of the polypeptide, or (e) hybridizes with a sequence (b) under stringent conditions. This lncRNA, designated in the following as lncRNA 1, may serve for expression or translation regulation of an inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase such as an inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase. Furthermore, the lncRNA-encoding nucleic acid may preferably comprises a nucleotide sequence that (w) has a sequence of the SEQ ID No: 39, or a fragment thereof, or (x) is complementary to a sequence from (w), or (y) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (w), or (z) hybridizes with a sequence from (x) under stringent conditions. This lncRNA, designated in the following as lncRNA 2, may serve for expression or translation regulation of a phospholipase—especially, of the phospholipase A2 or the patatin phospholipase.

In a further especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid which—after transcription or expression in a plant—is suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor may be a nucleic acid that encodes for an RNA that has a double-stranded portion, wherein at least one strand of the double-stranded portion has a nucleotide sequence which is homologous or identical to at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25—preferably to at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 140, and, especially preferably, to at least one 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000—successive nucleotides of an intron sequence of a nucleic acid that

(i) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 1, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 26, 30, 42, 43, 46, 55, 58, and/or 60, or a fragment thereof in a sense or anti-sense orientation, or (ii) is complementary to a sequence from (i), or (iii) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (i), or (iv) encodes for a protein with the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, 45, 48, 63, 64, and/or 65, or from SEQ ID Nos: 32, 33, and/or 34, or a part of the protein, or (v) encodes for a homolog, analog, or ortholog of the protein according to (iv), or a part thereof, or (vi) hybridizes with a sequence from (ii) under stringent conditions. In transcriptional gene silencing, as, for example, in the RdDM approach (Shibuya et al., 2009), such a nucleic acid may be used to activate the expression of the induction-inducing nucleic acid described above, or to suppress the expression of the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid described above. The dsRNA-encoding nucleic acid may also be a nucleic acid which encodes for a long, non-coding RNA (lncRNA). The lncRNA-encoding nucleic acid then preferably comprises a nucleotide sequence that (a) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 35, 36, 37, and/or 38, or a fragment thereof, or (b) is complementary to a sequence from (a), or (c) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (a), or (d) encodes for a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID Nos: 40 or 41, or a part of the polypeptide, or (e) hybridizes with a sequence from (b) under stringent conditions. This lncRNA, designated in the following as lncRNA 1, may serve for expression or translation regulation of an inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase such as an inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase. Furthermore, the lncRNA-encoding nucleic acid may preferably comprise a nucleotide sequence that (w) has a sequence of the SEQ ID No: 39, or a fragment thereof, or (x) is complementary to a sequence from (w), or (y) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (w), or (z) hybridizes with a sequence from (x) under stringent conditions. This lncRNA, designated in the following as lncRNA 2, may serve for expression or translation regulation of a phospholipase—especially, of the phospholipase A2 or the patatin phospholipase.

TABLE 1 Sequence index and sequence association of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The names of gene families/protein families correspond to the public models. Discrepant functionalities may occur in the inductors due to structural changes. SEQ Gene family/protein ID family identifier// No: derived gene model Sequence type Source 1 GRMZM2G179789 genomic DNA B73 SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 2 GRMZM2G179789 cDNA B73 SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 3 GRMZM2G179789 cDNA (Variant 1) RWS SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 4 GRMZM2G179789 cDNA (Variant 2) RWS SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 5 GRMZM2G179789 cDNA (partial sequence of RWS SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) nucleotide 1240 to 2321 of SEQ ID No: 3) 6 GRMZM2G412426 genomic DNA B73 SNAREv 2 (Zea mays) 7 GRMZM2G412426 cDNA B73 SNAREv 2 (Zea mays) 8 GRMZM2G471240 genomic DNA, including B73 Patatin phospholipase edges (Zea mays) 9 GRMZM2G471240 genomic DNA, including RWS Patatin phospholipase edges (Zea mays) 10 GRMZM2G471240 cDNA B73 Patatin phospholipase (Zea mays) 11 GRMZM2G471240 cDNA RWS Patatin phospholipase (Zea mays) 12 GRMZM2G347808 genomic DNA, including B73 RNA methyl transferase edges (Zea mays) 13 GRMZM2G347808 genomic DNA, including RWS RNA methyl transferase edges (Zea mays) 14 GRMZM2G347808 cDNA B73 RNA methyl transferase (Zea mays) 15 GRMZM2G347808 cDNA RWS RNA methyl transferase (Zea mays) 16 GRMZM2G179789 Polypeptide (Variant 1) B73 SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 17 GRMZM2G179789 Polypeptide (Variant 2) B73 SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 18 GRMZM2G179789 Polypeptide (Variant 1) RWS SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 19 GRMZM2G179789 Polypeptide (Variant 2) RWS SNAREv 1 (Zea mays) 20 GRMZM2G412426 Polypeptide B73 SNAREv 2 (Zea mays) 21 GRMZM2G471240 Polypeptide (Variant 1) B73 Patatin phospholipase (Zea mays) 22 GRMZM2G471240 Polypeptide (Variant 2) B73 Patatin phospholipase (Zea mays) 23 GRMZM2G471240 Polypeptide RWS Patatin phospholipase (Zea mays) 24 GRMZM2G347808 Polypeptide B73 RNA methyl transferase (Zea mays) 25 GRMZM2G347808 Polypeptide RWS RNA methyl transferase (Zea mays) 26 GRMZM2G106834 genomic DNA B73 Phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 27 GRMZM2G106834 cDNA (Variant 1) B73 Phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 28 GRMZM2G106834 cDNA (Variant 2) B73 Phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 29 GRMZM2G106834 cDNA (Variant 3) B73 Phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 30 GRMZM2G062320 genomic DNA B73 Phosphoglycerate mutase (Zea mays) 31 GRMZM2G062320 cDNA B73 Phosphoglycerate mutase (Zea mays) 32 GRMZM2G106834 Polypeptide (Variant 1) B73 Phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 33 GRMZM2G106834 Polypeptide (Variant 2) B73 Phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 34 GRMZM2G062320 Polypeptide B73 Phosphoglycerate mutase (Zea mays) 35 IncRNA for cDNA (Variant 1) B73 phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 36 IncRNA for cDNA (Variant 2) B73 phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 37 IncRNA for cDNA (Variant 3) B73 phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 38 IncRNA for cDNA RWS phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 39 IncRNA for Polypeptide (Variant 1) B73 phospholipase (Zea mays) 40 IncRNA for Polypeptide (Variant 2) B73 phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 41 IncRNA for genomic DNA B73 phosphoinositol phosphatase (Zea mays) 42 Mitochondrial genomic DNA RWS import receptor (MITO1) (Zea mays) 43 Mitochondrial genomic DNA RWS import receptor (MITO2) (Zea mays) 44 Mitochondrial Polypeptide RWS import receptor (MITO1) (Zea mays) 45 Mitochondrial Polypeptide RWS import receptor (MITO2) (Zea mays) 46 Phospholipase genomic DNA (Helianthus annuus) 47 Phospholipase cDNA (Helianthus annuus) 48 Phospholipase Polypeptide (Helianthus annuus) 49 Patatin genomic DNA TILLING phospholipase D74N (Zea mays) 50 Patatin cDNA TILLING phospholipase D74N (Zea mays) 51 Patatin Polypeptide TILLING phospholipase D74N (Zea mays) 52 Patatin genomic DNA TILLING phospholipase G78R (Zea mays) 53 Patatin cDNA TILLING phospholipase G78R (Zea mays) 54 Patatin Polypeptide TILLING phospholipase G78R (Zea mays) 55 Snare T1 (Zea mays) genomic RWS 56 Snare T1.t1 (Zea mays) cDNA RWS 57 Snare T1.t2 (Zea mays) cDNA RWS 58 Snare T2 (Zea mays) genomic RWS 59 Snare T2 (Zea mays) cDNA RWS 60 Snare T3 (Zea mays) genomic RWS 61 Snare T3.t1 (Zea mays) cDNA RWS 62 Snare T3.t2 (Zea mays) cDNA RWS 63 Snare T1.t2 (Zea mays) Polypeptide RWS 64 Snare T2 (Zea mays) Polypeptide RWS 65 Snare T3.t1 (Zea mays) Polypeptide RWS

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a vector which comprises the nucleic acid according to the invention. The vector may be a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage or an expression vector, a transformation vector, shuttle vector, or cloning vector; it may be double- or single-stranded, linear or circular; or it may transform a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, either via integration into its genome or extrachromosomally. The nucleic acid according to the invention is preferably operatively linked in a vector with one or more regulatory sequences which allow the transcription, and, optionally, the expression, in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. A regulatory sequence—preferably, DNA—may be homologous or heterologous to the nucleic acid according to the invention. For example, the nucleic acid is under the control of a suitable promoter or terminator. Suitable promoters may be promoters which are constitutively induced (example: 35S promoter from the “Cauliflower mosaic virus” (Odell et al., 1985); those promoters which are tissue-specific are especially suitable (example: Pollen-specific promoters, Chen et al. (2010), Zhao et al. (2006), or Twell et al. (1991)), or are development-specific (example: blossom-specific promoters). Suitable promoters may also be synthetic or chimeric promoters which do not occur in nature, are composed of multiple elements, and contain a minimal promoter, as well as—upstream of the minimum promoter—at least one cis-regulatory element which serves as a binding location for special transcription factors. Chimeric promoters may be designed according to the desired specifics and are induced or repressed via different factors. Examples of such promoters are found in Gun & Rushton (2005) or Venter (2007). For example, a suitable terminator is the nos-terminator (Depicker et al., 1982).

In addition to the vectors described above, the present invention also provides a method that includes the insertion of a described vector into a host cell. For example, the vector may be introduced via conjugation, mobilization, biolistic transformation, agrobacteria-mediated transformation, transfection, transduction, vacuum infiltration, or electroporation. Such methods, like the methods for preparation of described vectors, are commonplace to the person skilled in the art (Sambrook et al., 2001).

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a host cell which comprises the nucleic acid according to the invention or the vector of the present invention. A host cell in the sense of the invention may be a prokaryotic (for example, bacterial) or eukaryotic cell (for example, a plant cell or a yeast cell). The host cell is preferably an Agrobacterium, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes, or a plant cell which comprises the nucleic acid according to the invention or the vector of the present invention. To the person skilled in the art, both numerous methods (such as conjugation or electroporation) with which he may introduce the nucleic acid according to the invention or the vector of the present invention into an Agrobacterium, and methods such as diverse transformation methods (biolistic transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation) with which he may introduce the nucleic acid according to the invention or the vector of the present invention into a plant cell (Sambrook et al., 2001), are known.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a transgenic plant cell which comprises the nucleic acid according to the invention as a transgene or the vector of the present invention, and relates to a transgenic plant or a part thereof which comprises the transgenic plant cell. For example, such a plant cell or plant is a plant cell or plant which is (preferably, stably) transformed with the nucleic acid according to the invention or with the vector of the present invention. A transgenic plant of the present invention is preferably suitable for use as a haploid inductor. In a preferred embodiment of the transgenic plant, the nucleic acid is operatively linked with one or more regulatory sequences which allow the transcription and, optionally, the expression in the plant cell. A regulatory sequence, preferably DNA, may be homologous or heterologous to the nucleic acid according to the invention. The total structure made up of the nucleic acid according to the invention and the regulatory sequence(s) may then represent the transgene. A part of a plant may be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, a pollen, a tissue, an organ, or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, the embryo, or the pollen are generated in the transgenic plant, and the nucleic acid according to the invention is integrated into its genome as a transgene or the vector. The present invention likewise also includes a descendant of the transgenic plant in whose genome the nucleic acid according to the invention is integrated as a transgene or vector, and which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a protein or a polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid according to the invention. The protein or polypeptide is preferably suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor in a plant, or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor. The protein or polypeptide encoded by the induction-inducing nucleic acid is especially preferred. A protein or a polypeptide of the present invention preferably includes an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, 45, 48, 51, 54, 63, 64, and/or 65, or from SEQ ID Nos: 32, 33, and/or 34, or from SEQ ID Nos: 40 and/or 41.

In a further aspect, the present invention describes a method for the production of a plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor. The method may include the following steps:

A) mutagenization of plant cells and subsequent regeneration of plants from the mutagenized plant cells or mutagenization of plants, and B) identification of a plant A) which has at least one mutation in an endogenous DNA sequence which is identical to the nucleic acid according to the invention, or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence (for example, a promoter, enhancer, terminator, or intron), which mutation produces a change in the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant, or a change in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant, wherein the at least one mutation causes the property of a haploid inductor to be mediated or the induction capability of a haploid inductor to be increased in the identified plant. The change in the transcription rate or expression rate, or the change in the activity or stability, preferably appears at least in a pollen of the identified plant or in a tissue of a pollen of the identified plant.

The endogenous DNA sequence from step B), or an RNA encoded from the endogenous DNA sequence, or a protein or polypeptide encoded from the DNA sequence, preferably has an influence on the pollen tube growth in a plant, on the energy metabolism of a pollen of a plant, and/or on the activity of the centromere—preferably, in a generative cell which develops into a pollen, for example.

The endogenous DNA sequence from step B) of the method for the production of a plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor especially preferably encodes for a SNAREv protein; an enzyme of the phospholipase class—in particular, phospholipase A2 or the patatin phospholipase; an enzyme of the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase class, such as inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase; a phosphoglycerate mutase or methyl transferase—in particular, an RNA methyl transferase, wherein, in the case of the SNARE protein, the phospholipase and the methyl transferase, the transcription rate or expression rate, or the activity or stability, is preferably altered to the effect that it is increased, and wherein, in the case of the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase and the phosphoglycerate mutase, the transcription rate or expression rate, or the activity or stability, is preferably altered to the effect that it is reduced.

Step B) of the method for the production of a plant is, with very particular preference, the identification of a plant from A) which a) has at least one mutation in an endogenous DNA sequence having a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the induction-inducing nucleic acid or the nucleic acid which encodes the lncRNA 1, or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence (for example, a promoter, enhancer, terminator, or intron), which at least one mutation effects an increase in the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence or an increase in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence; and/or b) has at least one mutation in an endogenous DNA sequence having a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid or the nucleic acid which encodes the lncRNA 2, or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence (for example, a promoter, enhancer, terminator, or intron), which at least one mutation effects a reduction in the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence or a reduction in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence, wherein the at least one mutation from a) and/or b) causes the property of a haploid inductor to be mediated or the induction capability of a haploid inductor to be increased in the identified plant. The change in the transcription rate or expression rate, or the change in the activity or stability, preferably appears at least in a pollen of the identified plant or in a tissue of a pollen of the identified plant.

A mutation means a modification at the DNA level, and thus a change in the genetics and/or epigenetics. For example, an alteration in the genetics may be the exchange of at least one nucleobase in the endogenous DNA sequence or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence. If such a nucleobase exchange takes place in a promoter, for example, this may lead to an altered activity of the promoter, since, for example, cis-regulator elements are modified such that the affinity of a transcription factor to the mutated cis-regulatory elements is altered in comparison to the wild-type promoter, so that the activity of the promoter with the mutated cis-regulatory elements is increased or reduced, depending upon whether the transcription factor is a repressor or inductor, or whether the affinity of the transcription factor to the mutated cis-regulatory elements is intensified or weakened. If such a nucleobase exchange occurs, e.g., in an encoding region of the endogenous DNA sequence, this may lead to an amino acid exchange in the encoded protein, which may produce an alteration in the activity or stability of the protein, in comparison to the wild-type protein. An additional example of an alteration in the genetics is the deletion of nucleotides in the regulatory sequence and/or of the endogenous DNA sequence, as well as the addition of nucleotides in the regulatory sequence and/or the endogenous DNA sequence. Das & Martienssen (1995) shows an example of the regulation of genes via insertion of nucleotides by transposon mutagenesis in maize. An alteration in the epigenetics may take place via an altered methylation pattern of the DNA.

It is known to the person skilled in the art how a mutation in the sense of the invention may be achieved via the process of a mutagenization in step A) of the method for production of a plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor. The mutagenization in this connection includes both conventional mutagenesis and location-specific mutagenesis or “genome editing.” In conventional mutagenesis, modification at the DNA level is not produced in a targeted manner. The plant cell or the plant is exposed to mutagenic conditions, such as TILLING, via UV light exposure or the use of chemical substances (Till et al., 2004). An additional method of random mutagenesis is mutagenesis with the aid of a transposon. The UniformMU project makes a comprehensive collection of mutants freely available. The collection and the method are described in McCarty et al. (2005). Location-specific mutagenesis enables the introduction of modification at the DNA level in a target-oriented manner at predefined locations in the DNA. For example, TALENS (WO 2010/079430, WO 2011/072246), meganucleases (Silva et al., 2011), homing endonucleases (Chevalier 2002), zinc finger nucleases (Lloyd et al., 2005), or a CRISPR/Cas System (Gaj et al., 2013) may be used for this.

The identification of a plant in step B) may take place with the aid of molecular markers or probes, for example. For example, DNA probes are primers or primer pairs which may be used in a PCR reaction. For example, Tilling mutants may be verified or identified by sequencing the target gene in a Tilling population, or via additional methods that verify the mispairings in the DNA, e.g., melting point analyses or use of mispairing-specific nucleases. For this, the present invention likewise incorporates primers/primer pairs that are usable for this, e.g., primers for phospholipase, phosphoglycerate mutase, methyl transferase and lncRNA for phospholipase. Mutants generated by means of transposons may also be verified by use of transposon-specific primers and target gene-specific primers in PCR, across the entire population and subsequent sequencing of PCR products. Such primers are also encompassed by the present invention. For example, a change in the expression rate in pollen may be determined with RT-PCR; the change in the stability may be determined by examining ubiquitin binding locations and prediction of changes to the tertiary structure, for example. Furthermore, recombinant expression of the wild-type proteins, and the corresponding mutant proteins and subsequent biochemical activity tests, are also suitable. Additional means and methods which may be used to identify a plant in step B) are known to the person skilled in the art from the prior art.

The present invention also relates to molecular markers, which demonstrate the presence or absence of a mutation in the endogenous DNA sequence, or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence. For example, such markers are based upon an SNP and are specific to the mutation (examples: KASPar or TaqMan markers).

The present invention further also relates to a plant which can be or is produced with the preceding method, or a part of this plant, wherein a part of the plant may be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, a pollen, a tissue, an organ, or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, the embryo, or the pollen are generated at the transgenic plant, and the at least one mutation is present in its genome. The present invention likewise also includes a descendant of the plant which has the at least one mutation and is suitable for use as a haploid inductor. Two examples of plants which have been produced with the preceding method are plants—preferably, Zea mays or Helianthus annuus—that, in an endogenous DNA sequence, with the nucleic acid, comprehensively (i) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 8, 9, and/or 46 or a functional fragment thereof; or (ii) is complementary to a sequence from (i); or (iii) is at least 80% identical to a sequence from (i); or (iv) encodes for a protein having the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 21, 22, 23, and/or 48, or a functional part of the protein; or (v) encodes for a homolog, analog, or ortholog of the protein according to (iv), or a functional part thereof; or (vi) is identical to a sequence hybridized under stringent conditions from (ii), or has at least one mutation in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, which produces a change in the transcription or expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant, or a change in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant, wherein the at least one mutation causes the property of a haploid inductor to be mediated or the induction capability of a haploid inductor to be increased in the identified plant. The mutation is preferably an alteration in the encoding sequence of SEQ ID No: 8 or 9 (for example, a point mutation) which causes an amino acid exchange between the amino acid positions 74 and 78 of SEQ ID No: 21, 22, or 23, or the mutation causes modifications in the encoding sequence of SEQ ID No. 46 which causes an amino acid exchange in [the] corresponding encoding sequence of SEQ ID No: 48. This may here involve mutations according to SEQ ID Nos: 49 through 54. The mutation caused by TILLING in SEQ ID No: 49 causes an amino acid exchange in the encoded amino acid at position 74, wherein the aspartate is replaced by asparagine (D74N); the mutation in SEQ ID No: 52 causes an amino acid exchange in the encoded amino acid at position 78, wherein the glycine is replaced by arginine (G78R).

Furthermore, the present invention also concerns a method for isolation of a nucleic acid that mediates the property of a haploid inductor or increases the induction capability of a haploid inductor in a plant, including the following steps:

A) production of a plant according to the method described in the preceding, or provision of a plant which can be or is produced with the method described in the preceding; and B) isolation, from the genome of the plant from A), of a nucleic acid which comprises the endogenous DNA sequence having the at least one mutation. The isolation of the nucleic acid in step B) may take place via CTAB extraction or via DNA-binding columns; the verification of the mutation may take place via sequencing or molecular markers such as SNP-based KASPar or TaqMan markers, or, for insertion or deletion mutants, via length polymorphism-based markers.

The present invention also includes a nucleic acid which was obtained or can be obtained via the method for isolation as described in the preceding, as well as a vector which comprises the isolated nucleic acid.

In another aspect, the present invention also relates to a method for the production of a transgenic plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor. The method may include the following steps:

A) provision of the nucleic acid described above which, after transcription or expression in a plant, is suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor; or provision of the isolated nucleic acid described above, which nucleic acid comprises the endogenous DNA sequence having the at least one mutation; or provision of one of the vectors described above, B) transformation—preferably, stable transformation—of plant cells via introduction of the nucleic acid or of the vector from A), C) regeneration of transgenic plants from the transformed plant cells from B), and D) identification of a transgenic plant from C) in which, via a modified expression pattern—preferably, in pollen of the identified plant or in a tissue of a pollen of the identified plant—the property of a haploid inductor is mediated, or the induction capability of a haploid inductor is increased. The method for production of a transgenic plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor also includes the provision of two or more of the nucleic acids described above—alternatively, also different embodiments of the nucleic acid according to the invention and, optionally, in one or more vectors—and the transformation of plant cells via the introduction of two or more nucleic acids. Alternatively or additionally, one or more additional nucleic acids which are known to be usable for the generation of a haploid inductor (for example, manipulated cenh3 gene (Ravi & Chan, 2010)) may also be provided and transformed, in addition to the nucleic acid according to the invention.

The expression pattern is preferably altered to the effect that

(I) the transcription or expression rate of the introduced induction-promoting nucleic acid or introduced nucleic acid which encodes the lncRNA 1 is increased in the identified plant in comparison to a wild-type plant which, for example, was regenerated from an isogenic, untransformed plant cell, and/or (II) the transcription or expression rate of the introduced induction-inhibiting nucleic acid or introduced nucleic acid which encodes the lncRNA 2 is reduced in the identified plant in comparison to a wild-type plant which, for example, was regenerated from an isogenic, untransformed plant cell, and/or (III) due to post-transcriptional gene silencing, the expression rate of an endogenous DNA sequence having a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid is reduced—via a double-stranded RNA which is encoded by the introduced nucleic acid which is described above in connection with post-transcriptional gene silencing—in the identified plant in comparison to a wild-type plant which, for example, was regenerated from an isogenic, untransformed plant cell, and/or (IV) due to transcriptional gene silencing, the transcription or expression rate of an endogenous DNA sequence having a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the induction-inducing nucleic acid or introduced nucleic acid which encodes the lncRNA 1 is increased, by a double-stranded RNA which is encoded by the introduced nucleic acid which is described above in detail in connection with transcriptional gene silencing, in comparison to a wild-type plant which, for example, was regenerated from an isogenic, untransformed plant cell; and/or the transcription or expression rate of an endogenous DNA sequence having a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the induction-inhibiting nucleic acid or introduced nucleic acid which encodes for lncRNA 2 is reduced, by a double-stranded RNA which is encoded by the introduced nucleic acid which is described above in detail in connection with transcriptional gene silencing, in comparison to a wild-type plant which, for example, was regenerated from an isogenic, untransformed plant cell. A verification of the transcription rate may take place via qRT-PCR, for example. An altered protein stability may be determined via Western blot, for example.

The present invention further also relates to a transgenic plant which can be or is produced with this method, or a part of this plant, wherein a part of the plant may be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, a pollen, a tissue, an organ, or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, the embryo, or the pollen are generated at the transgenic plant, and the nucleic acid according to the invention is integrated into its genome as a transgene or the vector. The present invention likewise also includes a descendant of the transgenic plant which has the introduced nucleic acid as a transgene and is suitable for use as a haploid inductor.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the production of a haploid plant, which method includes the following steps:

A) crossing a non-transgenic or transgenic plant of the present invention which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor with a plant of the same genus—preferably, of the same species, B) selecting a fertilized haploid seed or embryo, and C) generating a haploid plant from the seed or embryo from B).

The plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor is preferably used as a pollen parent and is crossed with a seed elder of the same genus—preferably, of the same species. The plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor may also be used as a seed parent and be crossed with a pollen elder of the same genus—preferably, of the same species. Both cross partners in step A)—thus, seed parent and pollen parent—may also be the same individual. The crossing step then represents a selfing.

The selection of the haploid fertilized seed or embryo may include a step of the verification of the haploidy, and the separation of the haploid fertilized seed or embryo of polyploid fertilized seed or embryo. The verification of the haploidy of a fertilized seed or embryo may take place phenotypically or genotypically, in that, for example, the inductor is provided with an embryo-specific dominant marker that is visible in all diploid descendants, but not in the induced haploid descendants. Furthermore, the ploidy status may be determined via flow cytometry. Moreover, a complete, homozygotic pattern of molecular markers provides an indication of haploid plants. For example, the separation may take place automatically on the basis of data of the verification of the haploidy.

The present invention further also relates to a haploid, fertilized seed, or embryo which is created upon crossing in step A) of the method for production of a haploid plant, as well as a haploid plant which can be or is produced with this method, or a part of this plant, wherein a part of a plant may be a seed, an embryo, a tissue, an organ, or a plant cell. The present invention likewise also includes a descendant of the plant. Furthermore, the present invention also includes a double-haploid (diploid) plant or a part thereof, wherein the double-haploid (diploid) plant or a part thereof was generated by chromosome duplication of the haploid plant or of the part thereof.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the nucleic acid according to the invention, or of the vector according to the invention, in a plant to mediate the property of a haploid inductor or to increase the induction capability of a haploid inductor, or the use of the nucleic acid according to the invention or of the vector according to the invention to produce a plant or a transgenic plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor. Furthermore, the present invention also includes the use of a plant according to the invention as described above, which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor, to produce a haploid, fertilized seed or embryo, or a haploid plant. Preceding explanations regarding subject matters and methods of the present invention are also applicable to the cited uses.

In another aspect, the present invention also relates to a means for external application to plants. This means is provided for external application to plants and is suitable for mediating the property of a haploid inductor in the plant or for increasing the induction capability of a haploid inductor plant. The application preferably occurs at the point in time of the anther formation, pollen formation, or fertilization. The means comprises RNA that has a double-stranded portion, wherein at least one strand of the double-stranded portion has a nucleotide sequence which is homologous or identical to at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25—preferably, to at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 140, and, especially preferably, to at least 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000—successive nucleotides of a coding sequence of a nucleic acid that

(i) has a sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and/or 31, or a fragment thereof in a sense or anti-sense orientation, or (ii) is complementary to a sequence from (i), or (iii) is at least 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, or 88%—preferably, at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%, or, especially preferably, at least 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 99.5%—identical to a sequence from (i), or (iv) encodes for a protein with the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID Nos: 32, 33, and/or 34, or a part of the protein, or (v) encodes for a homolog, analog, or ortholog of the protein according to (iv), or a part thereof, or (vi) hybridizes with a sequence from (ii) under stringent conditions.

Double-stranded RNA for the production of the means according to the invention may be produced in vitro by means of the methods known to the person skilled in the art. For example, the synthesis of the double-stranded RNA may take place synthetically, wherein the RNA is formed directly in vitro. Starting from a double-stranded DNA, the double-stranded RNA may also be synthesized via the formation of an mRNA transcript, which then forms a hairpin structure, for example. The means may be used as a trigger for a haploid induction in a plant. For example, the means may be used by being sprayed in the form of a spray, or via additional ways of external application that are commonplace to the person skilled in the art, onto the plant tissue, or by spraying or mixing with additional additives before or after the flowering of the plant. For example, additives may be wetting agents, carrier substances, or RNA stabilizers, e.g., liposomes.

Surprisingly, the inventors have established that it is precisely genes or gene products which have an influence on the pollen tube growth, on the energy metabolism of a pollen and/or on the activity of the centromere—preferably, in a generative cell which develops into a pollen, for example—are especially suited for converting a non-haploid inductor into a haploid inductor. For this, multiple gene families/protein families which are of significant importance could be identified. Their use for generation of haploid inductors has neither been described nor suggested before in the prior art. Because the creation of pollen, and also the fertilization process (including the growth of the pollen tube), follow generally valid principles in mono- and dicotyledon plants, with the technical teaching of the present invention, the person skilled in the art receives the possibility of developing haploid inductors even for cultivated plants for which neither an efficient system of in vivo haploid induction nor other cell culture-based methods for the creation of double-haploid plants had previously existed. For this, using the genetic information which he obtains via the present invention, he may discover homologs, orthologs, or analogs of the described gene products via routine activity, and manipulate them as described here. The technical teaching of the present invention is, however, also suitable for further improving the already existing inductors with regard to their efficiency (i.e., haploid induction rate), and thus for making them economically applicable for the first time. Furthermore, a person skilled in the art may also combine this technical teaching with additional known mechanisms of haploid induction, such as a manipulation of the CENH3 protein (Ravi & Chan, 2010), and thus further increase the efficiency.

Some of the terms used in this application are explained in detail in the following:

“B73” is a maize breeding line that is used as a model genotype in maize genetics and was used to create the first maize reference sequence.

“Mediate the property of a haploid inductor” or the “mediation of the property of a haploid inductor” or a comparable phrase means that, via the use of a nucleic acid according to the invention, a plant is placed in the position for producing fertilized seeds or embryos which have a single (haploid) chromosome set from a crossing with a plant of the same genus—preferably, of the same species—which does not have the property of a haploid inductor. The property of a haploid inductor, specified as an absolute haploid induction rate, means that at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1%—preferably, at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5%, or, especially preferably, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15%, or, with very particular preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%—of the fertilized seeds or embryos have a haploid chromosome set.

“Increase in the expression rate” or “increased expression rate” or “activation of the expression” or a comparable expression means an increase in the expression rate of a nucleotide sequence by more than 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%—preferably, by more than 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, or, especially preferably, by more than 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 500%, or 1000%—in comparison to the specified reference. The increase in the expression rate preferably leads to a change of the phenotype of a plant in which the expression rate is increased. An altered phenotype may be the mediation of the property of a haploid inductor, or the increase in the induction capability of a haploid inductor.

“Increase in the transcription rate” or “increased transcription rate” or a comparable expression means an increase in the transcription rate of a nucleotide sequence by more than 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%—preferably, by more than 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, or, especially preferably, by more than 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 500%, or 1000%—in comparison to the specified reference. The increase in the transcription rate preferably leads to a change of the phenotype of a plant in which the transcription rate is increased. An altered phenotype may be the mediation of the property of a haploid inductor, or the increase in the induction capability of a haploid inductor.

A “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence means a segment of a nucleotide sequence which has the functionality identical or comparable to the complete nucleotide sequence from which the functional fragment originates. As such, the functional fragment may possess a nucleotide sequence which is identical or homologous to the complete nucleotide sequence over a length of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94% 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. Furthermore, a “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence may also mean a segment of a nucleotide sequence which alters the functionality of the total nucleotide sequence, e.g., in the course of post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing. As such, the functional fragment of a nucleotide sequence may include at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25—preferably, at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, or 140, or, especially preferably, at least 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000—successive nucleotides of the complete nucleotide sequence.

A “functional part” of a protein means a segment of a protein, or a section of the amino acid sequence, that encodes for the protein, wherein the segment may exert functionality identical or comparable to the entire protein in a plant cell. A functional part of a protein has, over a length of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, an identical or—under conservative and semi-conservative amino acid exchanges—similar amino acid sequence to that of the protein from which the functional part originates.

“Haploid inductor” also means an in vivo haploid inductor.

The term “heterolog” means that the introduced polynucleotide originates from, for example, a cell or an organism having a different genetic background of the same species or another species, or is homologous to the prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, but then is localized in a different genetic environment and thus differs from a possible, naturally present, corresponding polynucleotide. A heterologous polynucleotide may be present in addition to a corresponding endogenous gene.

In the sense of the invention, what is understood by a “homolog” is a protein of the same phylogenetic origin, what is understood by an “analog” is a protein which exerts the same function, but has a different phylogenetic origin, and what is understood by an “ortholog” is a protein from a different species that exerts the same function.

What is understood by “hybridizing” or “hybridization” is a process in which a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule is added to a nucleic acid strand that is complementary to the greatest possible extent, i.e., enters into base pairing. Standard methods for hybridization are described in Sambrook et al. 2001, for example. What is preferably understood by this is that at least 60%—more preferably, at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85%, or, especially preferably, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%—of the bases of the nucleic acid molecule enter into a base pairing with the nucleic acid strand that is complementary to the greatest possible extent. The possibility of such an addition depends upon the stringency of the hybridization conditions. The term “stringency” relates to the hybridization conditions. High stringency is present when a base pairing is made more difficult; low stringency is present if a base pairing is made easier. For example, the stringency of the hybridization conditions depends upon the salt concentration, or ion strength, and the temperature. In general, the stringency may be increased by increasing the temperature and/or decreasing the salt content. What are to be understood by “stringent hybridization conditions” are those conditions given which a hybridization predominantly occurs only between homologous nucleic acid molecules. The term “hybridization conditions” thereby relates not only to the conditions prevailing in the actual addition of the nucleic acids, but also to the conditions prevailing in the following washing steps. Stringent hybridization conditions are, for example, conditions under which, predominantly, only those nucleic acid molecules are hybridized that have at least 70%—preferably, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%—sequence identity. Stringent hybridization conditions are, for example, hybridization in 4×SSC at 65° C., and subsequent repeated washing in 0.1×SSC at 65° C. for approximately 1 hour in total. The term “stringent hybridization conditions” that is used here may also mean hybridization at 68° C. in 0.25 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and 1% BSA for 16 hours, and subsequent washing twice with 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 68° C. A hybridization preferably occurs under stringent conditions.

“Increase the induction capability of a haploid inductor” or “the increase in the induction capability of a haploid inductor” means that the haploid induction rate of a plant which has the property of a haploid inductor is increased. The number of fertilized seeds which have a haploid chromosome set and have arisen from a crossing of the haploid inductor with a plant of the same genus (preferably, of the same species) which does not have the property of a haploid inductor may thus be higher by at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1%—preferably, at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5%, and, especially preferably, at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or 50%—than the number of haploid fertilized seeds which is achieved without the use of the nucleic acid in the sense of the present invention, i.e., the haploid induction rate may be increased by at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1%—preferably, at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5%, and, especially preferably, at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or 50%—relative to the previously achieved haploid induction rate.

“Operatively linked” means connected in a common nucleic acid molecule in such a manner that the connected elements are positioned and oriented relative to one another such that a transcription of the nucleic acid molecule may occur. A DNA which is operatively linked with a promoter is under the transcriptional control of this promoter.

Plant “organs” mean, for example, leaves, shoots, stem, roots, vegetative buds, meristems, embryos, anthers, ovules, or fruits. Plant “parts” means a combination of multiple organs, e.g., a bloom or a seed, or a part of an organ, e.g., a cross-section from the shoot. Plant “tissues” are, for example, callus tissue, storage tissue, meristematic tissue, leaf tissue, stem tissue, root tissue, plant tumor tissue, or reproductive tissue. For example, what are to be understood by plant “cells” are, for example, isolated cells having a cell wall or aggregates thereof, or protoplasts.

In the sense of the invention, insofar as not otherwise indicated, a “plant” may be of any species from the dicotyledon, monocotyledon, and gymnosperm plants. Numbering among these are, for example, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Secale cereale, Triticale, Saccharum officinarium, Zea mays, Setaria italic, Oryza sativa, Oryza minuta, Oryza australiensis, Oryza alta, Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Hordeum bulbosum, Brachypodium distachyon, Hordeum marinum, Aegilops tauschii, Beta vulgaris, Helianthus annuus, Daucus glochidiatus, Daucus pusillus, Daucus muricatus, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus grandis, Erythranthe guttata, Genlisea aurea, Gossypium sp., Musa sp., Avena sp., Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana tomentosiformis, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Coffea canephora, Vitis vinifera, Cucumis sativus, Morus notabilis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, Arabidopsis arenosa, Crucihimalaya himalaica, Crucihimalaya wallichii, Cardamine flexuosa, Lepidium virginicum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Olmarabidopsis pumila, Arabis hirsuta, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica juncacea, Brassica nigra, Raphanus sativus, Eruca vesicaria sativa, Citrus sinensis, Jatropha curcas, Glycine max, and Populus trichocarpa. A plant according to the invention is preferably a plant of the genus Zea—especially of the species Zea mays—or sorghum.

“Reducing the expression rate” or “reduction in the expression rate” or “suppression of the expression,” “reduced expression rate,” or a comparable phrase means a reduction in the expression rate of a nucleotide sequence by more than 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%—preferably, by more than 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65%, and, especially preferably, by more than 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, or 98%—in comparison to the specified reference. However, it may also mean that the expression rate of a nucleotide sequence is reduced by 100%. The reduction in the expression rate preferably leads to a change of the phenotype of a plant in which the expression rate is reduced. An altered phenotype may be the mediation of the property of a haploid inductor, or the increase in the induction capability of a haploid inductor.

“Reduction in the transcription rate” or “reduced transcription rate” or a comparable expression means a reduction in the transcription rate of a nucleotide sequence by more than 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%—preferably by more than 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65%, and, especially preferably, by more than 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, or 98%—in comparison to the specified reference. However, it may also mean that the expression rate of a nucleotide sequence is reduced by 100%. The reduction in the transcription rate preferably leads to a change of the phenotype of a plant in which the transcription rate is reduced. An altered phenotype may be the mediation of the property of a haploid inductor, or the increase in the induction capability of a haploid inductor.

In connection with the present invention, the term “regulatory sequence” relates to a nucleotide sequence which affects the specificity and/or the expression strength, e.g., in that the regulatory sequence mediates a defined tissue specificity. Such a regulatory sequence may be located upstream of the transcription initiation point of a minimal promoter, but also downstream of it, e.g., as in a transcribed, but untranslated, leader sequence or within an intron.

“Suitable for use as a haploid inductor” means that a plant is in the position to produce fertilized seeds which have a single (haploid) chromosome set from a cross with a plant of the same genus—preferably, of the same species—which does not have the property of a haploid inductor. The use a haploid inductor, specified as an absolute haploid induction rate, means that at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1%—preferably, at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5%, or, especially preferably, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15%, or, with very particular preference, at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% —of the fertilized seeds have a haploid chromosome set.

Designs and embodiments of the present invention are described, by way of example, with regard to the attached figures and sequences.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Genomic arrangement of the identified genes in comparison to B73 (AGPv02):

SNAREv 1 (GRMZM2G179789): increased expression in RWS pollen; SNAREv 2 (GRMZM2G412426): increased expression in RWS pollen; ITP (Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase) (GRMZM2G106834): reduced expression in RWS pollen; PL (Patatin phospholipase) (GRMZM2G471240): polymorphisms in encoding sequence; MITO1 (Mitochondrial import receptor): present only in RWS; MITO2: Homolog to MITO1, but shortened. Present only in RWS; PGM (Phosphoglycerate mutase) (GRMZM2G062320): deleted in RWS; lncRNA: Homolog of PL: deleted in RWS; AC213048: anchor gene for comparison of the sequences; MT (RNA methyl transferase) (GRMZM2G347808): polymorphisms in the regulatory region. The GRMZM names relate to the annotation in AGPv02.

FIG. 2: RT-PCR of ripe pollen in inductor RWS and three non-inductor controls (NI1, NI2, NI3) across the genes SNAREv 1, RNA methyl transferase, and patatin phospholipase.

FIG. 3: RNASeq data of RWS pollen, projected onto artificial reference from AGPv02 with regions for SNARE and phospholipase loci substituted by RWS BAC's. (T1: Transcript 1. Homolog to SNARE2, but with altered exon-intron structure; T2: Homolog to SNARE1. Encoding for a protein of 131AA; T3: Homolog to SNARE1/2. RT-PCR fragment from FIG. 2).

QTL ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE GENES

In the maize haploid inductor RWS, which is to be ascribed to the inductor Stock6 (Coe, 1959), a main-QTL on chromosome 1 (bin 1.04) was identified and finely mapped. Based upon these works, the QTL in RWS should be verified and molecularly analyzed, in order to identify and functionally validate the underlying genes. A QTL mapping population from RWS×Control1 (maternal inductor×non-inductor) was tested for induction capability. It could thereby be shown that the known QTL is probably also present in the inductor RWS. However, it was further also achieved that a strong allele shift to the benefit of the non-RWS (Control 1) allele was discovered.

In order to molecularly describe the locus, various sequencing approaches to DNA and at the RNA level were selected. Due to structural differences between inductors and reference genome B73, only a small proportion of classical, reference-based sequencing approaches lead to success. Expanded and complicated bioinformatic analyses had the result that structural differences would then need to be reviewed via other technologies (FIG. 1).

Within the scope of a sequence capture approach, approximately three megabases around the identified QTL in three Stock6-derived inductors, as well as RWS and five non-inductor controls, were sequenced, and were analyzed on inductor-specific polymorphisms such as presence-absence variations, SNP's, and InDel's. Initially, 16 candidate genes were thereby identified, of which three genes were confirmed via post-sequencing and analysis of expression data: one gene that encodes for an anther-specific patatin phospholipase A2 which has an RWS inductor-specific haplotype; a phosphoglycerate mutase gene which is not present in the inductor RWS; and an RNA methyl transferase gene which has a mutation in a regulatory sequence (FIG. 2).

BAC banks were also developed for RWS, EMK (an additional inductor derived from Stock6), and Control 1 and screened with probes distributed over the identified QTL. For a target range of approximately 150 kB, which was mentioned by Dong et al. 2013 in inductor UH400 as possibly being inductor-relevant, BAC's of RWS, Control 1, and EMK were extracted and sequenced. The BAC sequences were annotated and compared with comprehensive transcriptome data which were created for RWS, Control 1, EMK, and B73.

As a result, the deletion in the inductor could here be confirmed. Accordingly, the examined maternal inductors lack a region of 100 kB between 68.26 and 68.36 MB (AGP Version 2 of the B73 reference sequence) on chromosome 1. Furthermore, an inversion in a gene-similar region and a large, repetitive sequence segment that is not comparable to the reference genome of B73 and to Control 1 appears outside of the target region in the inductors.

In spite of the deletion, the already identified phospholipase is still present in the inductors, but shows the aforementioned haplotype strongly deviating from the controls, and marked genetic variations in the promoter region. As a result of the deletion, the phosphoglycerate mutase that was already identified above is no longer present.

Furthermore, it is also achieved that a non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is identified in the 100 kb deletion. Like the phospholipase, it is pollen-specifically expressed and, moreover, shows a homology of 82% with the identified phospholipase. The sequence is inherently complementary, i.e., the lncRNA forms a hairpin structure. The very high expression rate, the significant homology with the phospholipase, and the low SNP density that was determined via Sanger sequencing indicate a regulatory function of this lncRNA for the phospholipase. Theoretically, an 88 amino acid-long, truncated version of the phospholipase protein could also be translated from this transcript.

In order to also be able to measure differences in the expression level of the identified gene from the region, in addition to measuring polymorphisms at the DNA level, RT-PCR and RNASeq experiments were implemented. In addition to RWP (a subline of RWS) as an inductor, three, genetically very different, control lines were used. From these plants, pollen was harvested, anthers without pollen, and embryos from 6-7 days after pollination by selfings or crossings. The phospholipase here showed a slightly increased expression in pollen from RWP. The methyl transferase shows a weak expression in the pollen of RWP and no expression in the pollen of the control. lncRNA is expressed and absent pollen-specifically, as also expected in RWP.

RNASeq was additionally applied to pollen of the same material in order to further verify the preceding results.

The transcriptome data (RNA-Seq at Pollen RNA of RWS) was projected on an artificial reference, in which the region of the QTL in B73 was replaced with RWS-BAC's. This analysis shows an expression of the phospholipase in pollen. The exon-intron structure of the gene corresponds to that of B73, but a deletion exists at the 5′ end, which leads to a stop codon and therefore to a shortened protein. Furthermore, three additional RWS-specific transcripts were detected above and below the phospholipase. A region having two transcripts is located approximately 60 kb above the phospholipase. The first transcript is non-coding; the second encodes for a 192 amino acid-long protein that shows homologies with the mitochondrial import receptor (MITO1). In B73, this is situated only 15 megabases upstream of the QTL (GRMZM2G174696). Approximately 90 kilobases (kb) below the phospholipase is an additional transcript that in turn shows high homologies with the 192 amino acid-long transcript.

In order to also receive inductor-specific expression outside of the QTL, the RNASeq data were evaluated genome-wide. Unexpectedly, new candidate genes were identified outside of, but near, the finely-mapped region cited above, which probably could not previously be found due to the technical limitations of the SeqCapture approach. Approximately 400 kb upstream of the identified phospholipase from the finely-mapped region is a gene complex which, in pollen of RWP, is expressed distinctly differently (by at least a factor of 2) in comparison to the controls. This gene complex contains three genes: two genes annotated as SNAREv genes which have a high homology to one another and are over-expressed in RWP, and one gene that is annotated as inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase and whose expression in RWP is reduced. Cloned transcripts of these genes distinctly deviate in part from the public annotation, such that they may also encode for proteins with deviating functions, or also may function as lncRNA's. A BAC made up of RWS could be isolated from this locus, and sequenced. This sequence was integrated into the artificial reference for re-analysis of the RNASeq data in AGPv02 (FIG. 3). In addition to a transposase, two RNA's (T1 (SEQ ID Nos: 55, 56, 57, and 63) and T3 (SEQ ID Nos: 60, 61, 62, and 65)) and an RNA with an ORF of 131 amino acids are expressed in this locus (T2 (SEQ ID Nos: 58, 59, and 64)). Except for the transposase, all transcripts are situated within or between the two SNAREv genes. Although they presumably have no SNARE function themselves, they could be involved in the regulation of homologous genes. The sequence capture data of this region show that there are distinct structural deviations between inductors, controls, and reference genome. The BAC sequencing confirms the absence of both inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene at the genomic level in the inductor and the absence of an lncRNA from B73 that shares the transcription start with the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase, but is read from the counter-strand. The isolation of a cDNA from one of the SNARE genes (GRMZM2G179789) also indicates complex structural changes in the inductors, since one part of the cDNA corresponds to the plus strand and one part corresponds to the minus strand of the reference.

Gene Functionalities

Overall, seven genes could thus be identified which could be important for the in vivo haploid induction or the in vivo haploid induction capability in maize.

Among these four genes, which are of particular importance to pollen tube growth:

the two SNAREv genes encoding for proteins which are known to be involved in vesicle transport (literature). In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, SNAREv proteins have already been demonstrated at the tip of the pollen tube, where they are involved in the transport of phospholipids and pectins (literature). The over-expression of the SNAREv proteins that was observed in the examined maize inductors would lead to increased pollen tube growth.

That the phospholipase A2 also distinctly influences the pollen tube growth could be shown in the model plant Nicotiana tabacum. The inhibition of phospholipase A2 accordingly leads to a suppression of the pollen tube growth (Kim et al., 2011). In the examined maize inductors, the absence of the identified lncRNA having significant homology with the phospholipase may lead to a reduction in the expression or translation rate of the phospholipase gene, which would accelerate the growth speed of the pollen tube.

In a knockout mutant of inositol-polyphosphate-5-phosphatase in Arabidopsis thaliana, it appeared that the pollen tube grows uninhibitedly. In the examined maize inductors, the reduced expression level of the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase thus may likewise lead to an accelerated pollen tube growth. The identified lncRNA associated with inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase could here have a regulatory effect on the expression rate.

The examined maize inductors thus show a modified regulation/expression rate of the four genes, in comparison to non-inductors. This disruption should lead to a markedly faster pollen tube growth, which is also promoted by a possibly increased energy metabolism, due to the expression of a mitochondrial transporter or its regulation. This could have the result of a decoupling of the transport of the generative cells in the pollen tube with its growth. As a result, an incomplete or incorrect pollination with subsequent chromosome elimination may occur.

It is known that active centromeres play a key role in chromosome distribution and are characterized and modified via chromatin modifications at the DNA or histone level—moreover, by transcription, RNA interactions, and RNA binding. A change in the regulation of the methyl transferase gene may influence the activity of the inductor centromere during the early embryogenesis, which ultimately leads to the elimination of the inductor genome in the early seed development stage.

In the examined inductors, it could be shown that the phosphoglycerate mutase gene is no longer present. The absence of the gene may negatively affect the energy metabolism of the pollen, and therefore have effects on the pollination. Moreover, the energy metabolism may be influenced by the mitochondrial membrane protein.

Any gene individually, or any combination of the genes, may be responsible for the effect of the haploid induction.

Creation of New In Vivo Haploid Inductors

In order to develop a new inductor in other crop types or maize non-inductor genotypes, or to increase the induction capability of an inductor genotype, the following is to be performed:

Identification of the corresponding genes in other crop types or maize non-inductor genotypes: In single-cotyledon plants such as maize, rice, wheat, rye, or barley, the pollen-specific patatin phospholipases are strongly conserved, and, therefore, homologs of these are easy to identify. In contrast to this, regulatory lncRNA's are absent in most single-cotyledon plants. However, in the event that they are present, they may likewise be discovered using significant homologies, just as they also occurred in the examined maize inductors. In double-cotyledon plants, other phospholipase types take on the corresponding tasks in the pollen tube growth. In order to identify these, RNA banks of pollen or pollen tubes are to be created and screened for the specific phospholipase of the present invention. A patatin phospholipase that is strongly expressed in pollen could already be identified via RNASeq of sunflower pollen (SEQ ID Nos: 46-48).

The SNAREv genes and the methyl transferase gene do not need to be pollen-specific. For example, one of the identified SNAREv genes (SNAREv 1) in maize is also not expressed in a pollen-specific manner. SNAREv 1 is not expressed at all in wild-type pollen. In annotated genomes, homologous genes may be identified via BLASTP and the functional region of a SNAREv protein. In unannotated genomes, RNASeq data would need to be annotated and selected for SNARE genes.

Homologous inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatases and phosphoglycerate mutases must be expressed in pollen, in order to be used as candidate genes. The identification may take place as above, via BLASTP and subsequent RT-PCR in pollen or via annotation of RNASeq data of pollen.

Manipulation of the Candidate Gene:

Possible inductors or an increased induction capability may be achieved via transgenic expression of the phospholipases and/or SNARE's and/or methyl transferase and/or phosphoglycerate mutases and/or lncRNA's and/or of the mitochondrial import receptor described above. For this, the corresponding genes—including their promoters—are to be cloned from the inductor line RWS. These genes may be cloned in a suitable transformation vector and be transformed in the desired plant.

The pollen-expressed inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase may be additionally or exclusively reduced in their activity via RNAi, for example. For example, for this, hairpin constructs are to be produced, which then include a suitable promoter and terminator which allow a transcription of the hairpin construct before or at the point in time of the pollen formation. These hairpin constructs would be cloned in a suitable transformation vector and be transformed in the desired plant.

Alternatively or additionally, plants having mutations (for example, in the identified genes) that stabilize the phospholipase and/or SNARE's and/or methyl transferase, amplify the expression, or increase the activity may be generated via TILLING, transposon mutagenesis or other mutagenesis methods, or “genome editing.” Structural analyses of secondary and tertiary structure of the mutated proteins may be helpful for this, which mutated proteins indicate denser structures, for example, and therefore fewer attack points for proteases. Moreover, the regions of the proteins that play a role in ubiquitin interactions may be considered. Mutants in the active center of the gene may be directly tested for their activity. For verification of the functionality of the phospholipase, various Tilling mutants have already been checked for induction capability. The exchange D74N (exchange of aspartate at Position 74 for asparagine) or G78R (exchange of glycine at Position 78 for arginine) lead to a maternal induction rate of 0.2-0.4%. In order to alternatively or additionally manipulate the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-5-phosphatase or the phosphoglycerate mutase, one must search for knockout mutants or for additional mutants that reduce the activity of the gene.

A Stock6-derived inductor may also be improved. This is possible via the above-described transgenic approach and via the introduction of mutations in the identified candidate genes. Insofar as they are expressed in pollen, it would additionally be possible to manipulate additional copies of the genes in the genome via transgenic or non-transgenic approaches.

Test of the induction capability: There are, for example, the following possibilities for testing the induction capability of a potential inductor:

1. Pollination of a line having a visual recessive marker (for example, glossy (Bordes et al., 1997) or liguleless (Sylvester et al., 1990), for maize). Descendants that express this feature are tested for haploidy via flow cytometry. 2. Pollination of a line that differs genetically from the inductor—optimally, via multiple markers. Use of these markers in order to identify homozygotic plants. These plants are tested for haploidy via flow cytometry.

Both possibilities were applied to test the induction capability.

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1-18. (canceled)
 19. A method for production of a plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inductor, the method comprising: mutagenizing plant cells; regenerating plants from the mutagenized plant cells; and identifying the regenerated plant which has at least one mutation in an endogenous DNA sequence which is identical to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence, which is (i) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 8, 9, 10 and 11, (ii) complementary to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 8, 9, 10 and 11, (iii) is at least 80% identical to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 8, 9, 10 and 11, (iv) hybridizes with a sequence at least 80% identical to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 8, 9, 10 and 11 under stringent conditions, or has at least one mutation in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, which mutation produces a change in expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant, or a change in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant, in comparison to a non-mutagenized wild-type plant, wherein the at least one mutation causes a property of a haploid inducer to be mediated or the induction capability of a haploid inducer to be increased in the identified plant.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the change in the expression rate of the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant is detected in a pollen or a tissue of a pollen of the identified plant.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the change in the activity or stability of the protein or the polypeptide encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence is detected in a pollen or a tissue of a pollen of the identified plant.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the plant comprises the at least one mutation in the regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least one mutation is the deletion of a nucleotide or the addition of a nucleotide.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence is a promoter.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the promoter comprises a modification in a cis-regulatory element.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the activity of the promoter is altered as compared to the activity of a promoter without the modification in the cis-regulatory element.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the activity of the promoter is increased as compared to the activity of a promoter without the modification in the cis-regulatory element.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the activity of the promoter is reduced as compared to the activity of a promoter without the modification in the cis-regulatory element.
 29. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one mutation is an exchange, addition or deletion of at least one nucleobase in the encoding region of the endogenous DNA sequence, and wherein the exchange, addition or deletion of the at least one nucleobase leads to an amino acid exchange in the encoded protein and produces an alteration in the activity or stability of the protein, in comparison to the wild-type protein.
 30. The method of claim 19, wherein the identifying step comprises contacting a sample from the plant with a molecular marker, wherein the molecular marker is a DNA primer or a pair of DNA primers.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein a sample from the plant is contacted with the DNA primer or the pair of DNA primers in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the PCR is reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).
 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the molecular marker demonstrates the presence or absence of the at least one mutation.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the molecular markers are KASPar or TaqMan markers.
 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the sample is a pollen sample.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the DNA primer or the pair of DNA primers comprises a sequence for detection of the at least one mutation in a gene encoding for phospholipase.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the DNA primer or the pair of DNA primers are specific for a transposon or a target gene.
 38. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one mutation in the endogenous DNA sequence is a point mutation.
 39. A plant or plant part produced according to the method of claim
 19. 40. A descendant of the plant according to claim
 39. 